commerce, management, and apace law
Hamid Kazemi; Samaneh Elahian
Volume 15, Issue 2 , June 2022, , Pages 93-102
Abstract
In this article collision probability method is used to satellite collision risk analysis. Among different methods introduced for determining collision probability, Patera's (2005) and Chan methods are chosen to define Noor satellite collision to the other space objects. According to criteria described ...
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In this article collision probability method is used to satellite collision risk analysis. Among different methods introduced for determining collision probability, Patera's (2005) and Chan methods are chosen to define Noor satellite collision to the other space objects. According to criteria described in the article, Advanced Conjunction Analysis Tools of STK software applied for collision risk analysis. The software, determine position of each object in space using Two Line Elements and appropriate propagation model according to altitude of the orbit. So collision probability calculated by one of the cpllision probability methods. If derived prababilty is larger than 10-3, so its necessary to schdule for suitable maneuver to avoid collision.
commerce, management, and apace law
Saeed Habiba; Hamid Kazemi; Milad Sadeghi
Volume 15, Issue 1 , March 2022, , Pages 107-119
Abstract
From the past, space activities which has been extremely important for governments as the main and traditional players in the space industry, are now attractive to non-governmental and private individuals, who are the new actors in the space industry. Undoubtedly, in this field, technology is a prerequisite ...
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From the past, space activities which has been extremely important for governments as the main and traditional players in the space industry, are now attractive to non-governmental and private individuals, who are the new actors in the space industry. Undoubtedly, in this field, technology is a prerequisite for implementation and development of space activities. Developing and less developed governments are trying to pave the way for these activities by passing national space legislations, but it should be noted that there are still many obstacles in this way. One of these obstacles is existence of restrictive acts and regulations of developed countries on transfer of technology in space industry. Identifying dimensions of these barriers and limitations and evaluating them from the standpoint of intellectual property rights is the subject of this article. The conflict between tendency towards commercialization of space activities and tight control over technology transfer in the space industry is one of the results that this article has achieved.
space law
Hamid Kazemi
Volume 14, Issue 2 , June 2021, , Pages 89-102
Abstract
Many of the space applications that previously required the use of large, complex and expensive satellites have now been made possible by very small satellites due to the development of technology. The applicable international laws and regulations, which typically govern large satellite operations with ...
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Many of the space applications that previously required the use of large, complex and expensive satellites have now been made possible by very small satellites due to the development of technology. The applicable international laws and regulations, which typically govern large satellite operations with sophisticated technology, also govern state's responsibility for regulating and controlling small satellites. However, in recent years, the private sector has increased its commercial use of small satellites without complying with applicable regulations. As a result, the irregular operation of small satellites in space has increased in orbits without states oversight. Therefore, the responsibility of states in the international space community to regulate the operation of small satellites has been challenged. This paper focuses on the responsibility of states and two challenges arise in relation to the responsibility of states in the operation of small satellites; activity of private section and transfer small satellites ownership into orbits. Finally, the author proposes solutions to address these challenges.
Hamid Kazemi
Volume 11, Issue 4 , December 2018, , Pages 51-64
Abstract
Because the lack of international regulations for exploiting the sources of celestial bodies, so some countries, such as the United States and Luxembourg, start to support the private sector, and to regulate and monitor their activities. , Have adopted a special national law that legislate that the appropriation ...
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Because the lack of international regulations for exploiting the sources of celestial bodies, so some countries, such as the United States and Luxembourg, start to support the private sector, and to regulate and monitor their activities. , Have adopted a special national law that legislate that the appropriation of what is achieved by the private sector from natural sources of celestial bodies is not conflicting with international regulations. While the prevailing view is that the adoption of national laws on the use of celestial bodies as well as their sources contrary to the appearance of international on the Prohibition of Ownership and appropriation of the Moon and the celestial bodies and the principle of the common heritage of mankind. By analyzing current international space legal instruments such as the Outer Space Treaty 1967 and the Moon Agreement1979, the Article seeks to bring two perspectives together and propose an international regime governing the private sector's activity.
H. Kazemi; Ali Akbar Golro
Volume 9, Issue 4 , April 2017, , Pages 27-37
Abstract
International regulations consist of rights and obligations of states in relation to space. States should respect the international obligations with all of their public and private sectors. Based on the 1967 outer space treaty, states should control and monitor natural and legal persons involved in space ...
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International regulations consist of rights and obligations of states in relation to space. States should respect the international obligations with all of their public and private sectors. Based on the 1967 outer space treaty, states should control and monitor natural and legal persons involved in space activity. They usually approve the required laws and regulations in their national law according to the international responsibilities in order to monitor their respective institutions. Monitoring space activities are on the basis of international law within the sovereignty of a country based on the regulatory environment for licensing space activities and establishing appropriate authority. Every state has its own mechanism for issuing the required licenses. However, there are common procedures to monitor space activities, such as launching in the international law, analyses monitoring space activities in national laws and regulations of some countries in comparative laws.
H. Kazemi
Volume 7, Issue 3 , October 2014, , Pages 33-42
Abstract
When space vehicles did not take off horizontally (like airplanes), they had to cross airspace of states other than the launcher state. This phenomenon exists still now for the states who intend to launch space objects, especially when launch pads are located near borders of adjacent states. What has ...
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When space vehicles did not take off horizontally (like airplanes), they had to cross airspace of states other than the launcher state. This phenomenon exists still now for the states who intend to launch space objects, especially when launch pads are located near borders of adjacent states. What has been the attitude of the international law toward the issue of passage of space object through a foreign territory during its launch and re-entry into the atmosphere? Are the states allowed to use territory of other states, while launching their space objects? Do the international instruments or customary international law provide precise answers for this issue? In this paper, the researcher investigates sovereignty of states over their territorial air-space and discusses different legal viewpoints on passage of space objects through territory of other states. It clear that states cannot launch space objects without first obtaining permission of the concerned state. It is asserted that up to now no international law instrument have been linked to that effect, i.e. regarding innocent passage of space objects without consent of the concerned state(s).
H. Kazemi; A.A. Golroo
Volume 5, Issue 2 , July 2012, , Pages 35-48
Abstract
The international system proposed the liability convention 1972 for compensating damages occurred while utilizing space. However, certain key principles of liability such as some rules of conflict law and jurisdictions have been neglected there. This convention failed to provide a unified regime like ...
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The international system proposed the liability convention 1972 for compensating damages occurred while utilizing space. However, certain key principles of liability such as some rules of conflict law and jurisdictions have been neglected there. This convention failed to provide a unified regime like that of established by the Warsaw system for air carrier liability against passengers and cargo. Because of this failure and due to the international nature of space activities, during the past two decades, states inclined toward bilateral and multilateral space agreements for determining liability and compensating probable damages. In this paper it is argued that international law system is capable of finding common points in the said agreements and taking a new step toward uniformity of international regulations of space liability by modifying the convention 1972
